The Agreement On Trade-Related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights (Trips) Effect On Clean Energy Technology Transfer

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
DEDICATION 
PREFACE 
ABBREVIATIONS 

CHAPTER 
INTRODUCTION 
1.1 Background 

CHAPTER 
CLIMATE CHANGE BATTLE
2.1. INTRODUCTION 
2.2. CLIMATE CHANGE 
2.2.1. CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE 
2.2.2. CURRENT IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 
1. Weather and Climate ( Extreme Weather Events ) 
2. Oceans (Sea Levels Rise and Coastal Impacts) 
3. Snow and ice 
4. Society and Ecosystem (Wildlife and Endangered Species) 
5. Human Health 
2.2.3.  Future Impacts of Climate Change 
2.3. CLIMATE CHANGE AGREEMENTS AND CONFERENCES 
2.3.1. Background Information 
2.3.2. World Meteorological Organization WMO (First World Climate Conference) 
2.3.3. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1987 
2.3.4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1988 
2.3.5. Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  1992 
1. Kyoto  Protocol 1997 
2. Bali Action Plan  2007 
3. Cancun Agreements 
4. Durban Platform 
5. Doha Climate Gateway 
6. Warsaw Outcomes 
7. The Universal Climate Change Treaty - Paris Agreement 
2.4 CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES OF WTO MEMBERS 
2.4.1 The United States 
2.4.2 The European Union 
2.4.3. China 
2.4.4. Turkey 

CHAPTER III
TRANSFER OF CLEAN TECHNOLOGY
3.1. INTRODUCTION 
3.2. CLEAN ENERGY 
3.2.1 Background Information 
3.2.2 Fossil Fuels 
3.2.3. Nuclear Energy 
3.2.4. Renewable Energy Sources 
1. Solar Energy 
2. Wind Energy 
3. Geothermal Energy 
4. Biomass Energy 
5. Hydropower 
3.3 RENEWABLE ENERGY AS A SOLUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE BATTLE 
3.3.1. Energy conservation and efficiency 
3.3.2. Carbon capture storage and trade, and carbon tax 
3.3.3. Renewable energy 
3.4. TRANSFER OF CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 
3.4.1 CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY 
1. Definition of Technology 
2. History and Definition of Transfer of Technology 
3.4.2  INTERNATIONAL LAW OF CLEAN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 
1. UNCTAD’s Draft of International Code of Technology  Transfer 
2. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1987 
3. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 
4. KYOTO PROTOCOL 
5. BALI ACTION PLAN 
6. COPENHAGEN ACCORD 
7. CANCUN AGREEMENTS  
8. DURBAN PLATFORM FOR ENHANCED ACTION 
9. DOHA CLIMATE GATEWAY 
10. INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE AGREEMENT –PARIS AGREEMENT 
3.5. CONCLUSION 

CHAPTER IV
INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
4.1. INTRODUCTION 
4.2. INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 
4.2.1 Intellectual Property 
4.2.2  Backgrounds of International Intellectual Property Law 
4.3 WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION 
4.3.1 CORE ACTIVITIES OF WIPO 
4.3.2 The WIPO and TRANSFER of TECHNOLOGY 
1) WIPO’s Development Agenda 
2) WIPO’s technology databases (WIPO Gold) 
a. Technology Databases (Patentscope) 
b. Laws and Treaties (WIPO Lex ) 
3) WIPO’s Technology Innovation and Support Centers (TISCs) 
4) WIPO’s Sustainable Technology Marketplace (WIPO Green) 
5) WIPO’s Patent landscapes reports 
6) WIPO’s Technology Transfer Reports 
7) WIPO - WTO Joint Workshops and WIPO’s seminars related to TRIPS Agreement 
8) WIPO’s Technology Transfer Seminars 

CHAPTER V
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND THE TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (TRIPS) AGREEMENT
5.1 INTRODUCTION 
5.2. BACKGROUNDS OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 
5.2.1. PLACE OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT WITHIN THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 
5.2.2. THE TRIPS AGREEMENT’S ADVANTAGES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. 
1) Technology Transfer 
2) Incentives and Enterprises 
3) Technical Corporation 
4)  Transitional Periods 
5.2.3. OUTLINE OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 

5.2.4. GENERAL PROVISIONS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES of THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 
1)  Minimum Standard Agreement ( Article 1: Nature and Scope of Obligations) 
2) Intellectual Property Protection  (Article 2) 
3) National treatment (Article 3) 
4) Most Favored Nation Treatment (Article 4) 
5) Multilateral Agreements on Acquisition or Maintenance of Protection (Article 5) 
6) Exhaustion (Article 6) 
7) Objectives (Article 7) 
8) Principles (Article 8) 
5.2.5. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 
5.2.6. HOW the TRIPS AGREEMENT IS DIFFERENT THAN WIPO GOVERNED INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AGREEMENTS 

CHAPTER VI
THE TRIPS AGREEMENT’S TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER RELATED ARTICLES
6.1. Introduction 
6.2. Preamble of  the WTO Agreement 
6.3. Preamble of the TRIPS Agreement 
6.4. Objectives (Article 7) 
6.5. Principles (Article 8) 
6.6. Patentable subject matter (Article 27) 
6.7. Exceptions to  Rights Conferred (Article 30) 
6.7.1. Experimental Use and Research 
6.7.2. Bolar – Early Working Exception 
6.8. Parallel Imports 
6.9. Compulsory Licensing (Article 31) 
6.10 Control of Anti- Competitive Practices in Contractual Licenses (Article 40) 
6.11. Technology Transfer Mechanism (Article 66) 
6.12. Security  Exceptions (Article 73) 
6.13 Other Articles may be used to facilitate clean technology transfer 

 

CHAPTER VII
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
7.1. SUMMARY 
7.2 ADVANTAGES OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 
7.3. DISADVANTAGES OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 
7.4. ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS TO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 
7.4.1. Patent Pools 
7.4.2. Clean Technology Awards 
7.4.3. The Eco-Patent Commons 
7.4.4. Carbon and Trade Market & Creative Common Licenses joint model 
7.5. SUGGESTIONS 
7.6. CONCLUSION 
BIBLIOGRAPHY